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六、“過(guò)去分詞”一定表被動(dòng)嗎？

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有一條規(guī)則：就是“現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)；過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)”，這已經(jīng)是大家公認(rèn)的規(guī)則了。

然而，任何事物都有其特殊的現(xiàn)象和內(nèi)在規(guī)律，英語(yǔ)亦然。在有些情況下，英語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞無(wú)論作狀語(yǔ)、作賓補(bǔ)還是作定語(yǔ)，并不表示被動(dòng)，而是主動(dòng)。例如：

Faced with so many problems, they never gave up. 面對(duì)如此多的問(wèn)題，他們從未放棄。

We found John seated in a chair, writing a letter. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)約翰坐在椅子上，正在寫(xiě)信。

The woman dressed in red clothes was his aunt. 這個(gè)穿紅色衣服的女人是他的姨媽。

語(yǔ)法書(shū)上講“過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)”，但這卻是“過(guò)去分詞表主動(dòng)”，或者說(shuō)“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表主動(dòng)”。這是一個(gè)很有意思的問(wèn)題，英語(yǔ)中確實(shí)存在這種現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)該是有一定規(guī)律可循的。下面對(duì)此作一分析歸納。

（一）首先，這種現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)之一，緣于反身代詞的用法。主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)為同一個(gè)人，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，又是動(dòng)作的接受者，這就出現(xiàn)了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或過(guò)去分詞都表示“主動(dòng)”含義的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。常見(jiàn)的這類用法歸納如下：

abandon yourself to沉湎于=be abandoned to

absorb oneself in 專心于=be absorbed in

dress oneself in穿衣= be dressed in

seat oneself in/on坐在=be seated in/on

face oneself with 面對(duì)=be faced with

addict oneself to 沉迷于=be addicted to

accustom oneself to 習(xí)慣于=be accustomed to

devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于=be devoted to

hide oneself 藏起來(lái)=be hidden

lose oneself in 迷失于=be lost in

settle oneself in定居于=be settled in

prepare oneself for為做準(zhǔn)備=be prepared for

recover oneself from 從病中中痊愈= be recovered from

camp oneself in在某地宿營(yíng)=be camped in

例如：

Absorbed in the newspaper, he didn’t hear the bell. 他專心讀報(bào)，連門鈴也沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。

Camped in the field across the stream, we could go fishing during the day. 在小溪對(duì)面的田野里宿營(yíng)，我們可以在白天去釣魚(yú)。

Fully recovered from his operation, he decided to leave the hospital. 從他的手術(shù)完全恢復(fù)后，他決定離開(kāi)醫(yī)院。

（二）英語(yǔ)中有一種“使令性動(dòng)詞”，意為“使……怎么樣”，表示人的心理或情緒變化。這類動(dòng)詞在句子中經(jīng)常以過(guò)去分詞的面貌出現(xiàn)，但在意思上卻沒(méi)有被動(dòng)的意思。例如：

Satisfied with his result of the final examination, Tom was smiling all the time. 由于對(duì)期末考試結(jié)果很滿意，湯姆樂(lè)得一直在笑。

Disappointed at her son’s behavior, she couldn’t sleep well all the time. 因?qū)�兒子的表現(xiàn)感到失望，她一直睡不好覺(jué)。

Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had mad a list of the sites she wanted to see in　London. (P 14, Unit 2, Book 5) 因擔(dān)心可用的時(shí)間有限，張萍玉事先列出了她計(jì)劃在倫敦參觀的景點(diǎn)。

常見(jiàn)的這類“使令性動(dòng)詞”有：satisfy, frighten, amuse, amaze, surprise, astonish, shock, bore, tire, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, interest, annoy, fascinate, upset, puzzle, confuse, move, worry, inspire, embarrass, frustrate, please, fascinate, disturb, terrify, horrify, thrill, relax等，都有這種用法。

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