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學(xué)過(guò)語(yǔ)法的人都知道，過(guò)去分詞具有“被動(dòng)”和“完成”兩大特征。這是為什么呢？因?yàn)檫@一切皆緣于：過(guò)去分詞跟be構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，跟have (had) 構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的這個(gè)事實(shí)。過(guò)去分詞無(wú)論在句中作何種成分，被其修飾的成分或其邏輯主語(yǔ)與它的關(guān)系一般是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，而且往往具有完成的意味。

1. 過(guò)去分詞跟be構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：A large number of trees were planted around our school.

2. 過(guò)去分詞跟have (had) 構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)：Tom has passed his final English examination.

關(guān)于過(guò)去分詞的語(yǔ)法作用，一般語(yǔ)法書(shū)都對(duì)此作了較為詳盡的論述。鑒于此，本文不作詳細(xì)贅述。過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）在句中可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)：

John Snow helped the ordinary people exposed to cholera. (作定語(yǔ))

The teacher was pleased with my answer to the question. (作表語(yǔ))

The foreigner tried to make himself understood, but failed. (作賓補(bǔ))

Seen from space, the Great Wall looks like a huge dragon. (作狀語(yǔ))

二、用過(guò)去分詞還是用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式？

過(guò)去分詞和被動(dòng)形式的現(xiàn)在分詞，雖然是兩個(gè)不同的概念，但有時(shí)候用法十分接近，有時(shí)候差別還很大，這要視具體句子作出判斷。前面說(shuō)過(guò)，過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式，沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)，也沒(méi)有完成時(shí)。因此，請(qǐng)注意識(shí)別以下問(wèn)題：

written (過(guò)去分詞)

being written (現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式)

having been written (現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式)

以上三種形式，它們的共同特點(diǎn)都表“被動(dòng)”，這一點(diǎn)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，但差別是很大的。下面讓我們通過(guò)實(shí)例比較它們的差異。

【第一組】

1. The book written by Mr Brown is very instructive. 布朗先生寫(xiě)的那本書(shū)很有教育意義。

written by Mr Brown 是“過(guò)去分詞”作定語(yǔ)，表示“被動(dòng)和完成”。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句：The book which was (has been) written by Mr Brown is very instructive.

2. The book being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month. 布朗先生正在寫(xiě)的那本書(shū)將在下月出版。

being written by Mr Brown 是“現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式”作定語(yǔ)，表示“被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”。 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)進(jìn)行時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句：The book which is being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month.

3. The book having been written by Mr Brown is very instructive. (誤)

本句存在語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。“現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式”只能作狀語(yǔ)用，表示其動(dòng)作早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，但不能作定語(yǔ)。

【第二組】

1. She heard her name called just a moment ago. 剛才她聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人叫她的名字。

called是過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示“被動(dòng)和完成”。

2. She heard her name being called from behind and stopped to look back. 她聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在后面一直叫她的名字，就停下來(lái)向后看。

being called是現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作賓補(bǔ)，表示“被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”。

3. She heard her name having been called from behind and stopped to look back. (誤)

本句存在語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。“現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式”只能作狀語(yǔ)用，表示其動(dòng)作早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，但不能作賓補(bǔ)。

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