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“There be結(jié)構(gòu)”的非謂語(yǔ)形式探究

■本站特約作者  劉永科

顧名思義，“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”（non-predicate verb），就是“不作謂語(yǔ)”的一種動(dòng)詞形式。它屬于動(dòng)詞的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，也是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象之一。它包括：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞。

在現(xiàn)實(shí)語(yǔ)言中，英語(yǔ)存在句“there be句型”也有著各種非謂語(yǔ)形式。本文擬對(duì)對(duì)此作一探討。

“There be結(jié)構(gòu)”的非謂語(yǔ)形式，主要有以下幾種：

1. 不定式：There to be

2. 動(dòng)名詞：There being

3. 現(xiàn)在分詞：There being

【注意】在上述3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，there充當(dāng)“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)”。

我們通常說(shuō)的There be存在句，一般都認(rèn)為，there只是起引導(dǎo)作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義。因?yàn)榫渥拥闹髡Z(yǔ)在be之后，而且be的單復(fù)數(shù)是由后面的主語(yǔ)決定，而非由there決定。劍橋出版的《當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(English Grammar Today)把there稱(chēng)為dummy subject（虛擬主語(yǔ)）：

English clauses which are not imperatives must have a subject. Sometimes we need to use a “dummy” or “empty” or “artificial” subject when there is no subject attached to the verb, and where the real subject is somewhere else in the clause. “It” and “there” are the two dummy subjects used in English.

It’s always interesting to find out about your family history.

To find out about your family history is always interesting. (The real subject is “to find out about your family history”. )

There are five Dutch people in our village. (The real subject is the Dutch people – they are in the village.)

“There” operates as a dummy subject in the construction “there is” or “there are”. “There be” indicates that something or someone exists or is in a particular place or situation.

There’s a woman waiting outside who wants to talk to you. (The real subject is the woman – she is waiting outside.)

上述語(yǔ)法說(shuō)明，there雖然只起引導(dǎo)作用，但在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，它充當(dāng)了虛擬主語(yǔ)（dummy subject）。但在非謂語(yǔ)形態(tài)下，there實(shí)際充當(dāng)了“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)”（logical subject）。

一、“There be結(jié)構(gòu)”的不定式形式：there to be

該結(jié)構(gòu)分為如下幾種情況，現(xiàn)分述如下。

1. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+ there to be 型

該類(lèi)型相當(dāng)于“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)由there充當(dāng)，賓補(bǔ)由不定式to be充當(dāng)。例如：

I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding between us. 我不希望我們之間有什么誤會(huì)。

Would you like there to be a market near your home？你愿意你家附近有家商場(chǎng)嗎？

We expect there to be no objections. 我們希望不會(huì)有人反對(duì)。

I don’t mean there to be any unpleasantness. 我無(wú)意引起任何的不愉快。

I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affair. 我倒希望不討論我私人的事情。

They hate there to be long queues everywhere. 他們不愿意處處都要排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)。

Teachers don’t want there to be any students lagging behind. 老師不希望有任何學(xué)生掉隊(duì)。

I’d like there to be a pool in the garden. 我想要公園里有一個(gè)池塘。

The enthusiasm was causing there to be concern on the Democratic camp. 在民主黨陣營(yíng)中，這種熱情引起了人們的關(guān)注。

It requires there to be some sort of organic material in the pigment. 它需要在顏料中有某種有機(jī)材料。

The participants perceived there to be more species present when the amount of tree cover was higher. 與會(huì)者意識(shí)到樹(shù)的覆蓋量更高時(shí)，會(huì)有更多的物種存在。

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