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think否定轉移的深層分析
作者:劉永科  文章來源:本站原創  點擊數  更新時間:2016-11-16  文章錄入:admin  責任編輯:admin

 

(二)

關于You don’t think 是否存在否定轉移問題,我再補充以下幾點:

(一)在現實語言中,在一個陳述的單句里面,人們相對較少說這樣的句子:You don’t think you have time.“你認為你沒有時間。”——這是因為,在一個陳述的單句中,本人的觀點別人不好評判。但是,在一些從句和含有疑問的句子(如反義疑問句)中,第二人稱否定轉移的用法就很普遍,例如:

1. If you don't think you have time today, we'll ask someone else for help. 如果你覺得你今天沒有時間,我們將會向別人求助。

2. It is likely to happen especially when you don’t think it is possible. 事情會很可能發生,特別是當你認為不可能的時候。

3. Sometimes people may apologize even though they don't think they have done anything wrong. 有時候人們可能會道歉,即便他們認為他們沒有做錯什么事。

4. You don't think I should go either? 你認為我也不該去嗎?

5. You don't think I'm mature, do you? Actually I am already a grown-up. 你認為我不成熟,是不是?其實我已經長大了。

(二)如果用反義疑問句來證實第二人稱不存在否定轉移,我認為沒有說服力。說句真心話,否定轉移跟反義疑問句無關。

剛才上面提到,在現實語言中,人們較少說這樣的句子:You don’t think you have time. 這是因為,在一個陳述的單句中,本人的觀點別人怎好評判?所以在語言實踐中,往往在句子后面,加一個附加問句(tag question)do you? 以征求對方肯定或否定的答復。

You don’t think you have time, do you?

你認為你現在沒時間,是嗎?

該反義疑問句,是根據結構形成的:You don’t..., do you? (前否后肯)

類似的例句比較多,限于篇幅就不再列舉了。

【特別說明】有老師引用章振邦先生的觀點(他的親筆回信),話題是反義疑問句,里面涉及到否定轉移問題。現在的問題是,通過討論反義疑問句,能否證明You don’t think不是否定轉移?以下是章振邦教授寫給一位中學老師的親筆信:

20多年前(1993年)遇到的一道選擇題:

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, ______? (A. do you   B. don't you   C. is he   D. isn't he)

正確答案是Ado you)。我對此感到很疑惑,于是便致函上海外國語學院英語系語法教研室主任《新編英語語法》主編章振邦教授,章教授很熱心,在回信中詳細地解答了這個問題(很幸運,昨天在書柜里終于找到了這封回信)。現將回信全文貼上,供網友和老師們參考:

曾老師,您好!

820日來函所詢問的句子我認為并不存在否定轉移的問題,其答案應該是A...do you?)。理由是:當imagine, expect, think之類的動詞用于否定轉移結構時,其前通常帶有第一人稱主語,隨后若有附加疑問句QYESTION TAG)其主語和動詞則應與that-分句保持一致,例如:

I don't think she has met you before.

= I think she hasn't met you before.

→ I think she hasn't met you before, has she?

→ I don't think she has met you before, has she?

這類結構的主句也可以用第三人稱主語,例如:

She doesn't think that he would say anything about it.

= She thinks that he wouldn't say anything about it.

→ She thinks he wouldn't say anything about it, would he?

→ She doesn't think he would say anything about it, would he?

但若用第二人稱主語,問題就改變了,因為 You don't think that he is unfit for the office.并不等于You think that he is not unfit for the office.因此,在用附加疑問時,只能與主句的主語和動詞保持一致,而不能與that-分句保持一致,從而最佳選擇應該是A

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, do you?

那么,為什么此句不存在轉移否定的問題呢?試觀察以下轉換形式(凡是轉移否定結構通常可做如下轉換):

I don't think she has met you before.

= She hasn't met you before, I think.

I don't imagine he cares.

= He doesn’t care, I imagine.

You don’t think he is unfit for the office.卻不可以轉換為

*He is not unfit for the office, you think.

因為這樣一轉換,句子就講不通了。所以,這類語法問題必須結合語義來考慮,問題才能講得清。以上僅系我個人看法,供參考。

此致,敬禮。

章振邦

1993, 8, 26

以上來信表明:

1)章教授認為:第一人稱才是否定轉移,原因是附加問句has he,不是do I——I don't think she has met you before, has she?

其實,這是顯而易見的道理,哪有自己問自己的?實際上,I think I don’t think的觀點,賓語從句才是信息的重心所在,它的附加問句,是想征求別人對賓語從句內容的判斷,故用has she。我認為,用這個論據去證明否定轉移屬于歪打正著。如果再用這個論據去證實You don’t think不是否定轉移,那就錯了!

2)章教授還認為:第三人稱跟第一人稱一樣,在反意疑問句中,附加問句也是賓語從句的內容,也屬于否定轉移

She doesn't think he would say anything about it, would he?

我認為這不是問題的關鍵。其實這句話的附加問句,用does she完全可以:

She doesn't think he would say anything about it, does she?

請問:用would he是否定轉移,難道用does she就不是否定轉移了?

3)章教授特別指出:第二人稱跟第一人稱和第三人稱就不一樣了,在反意疑問句中,附加問句不是賓語從句的內容,而是根據主句變來:do you?所以就不存在否定轉移。如:

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, do you?

如果章教授用I don’t think的論據,去證明You don’t think不是否定轉移,那就是公式化和格式化了。前面已經說過,I don’t think的附加問句不能用do I的原因。然而,You don’t think 你的看法,在它的附加問句里面,我們需要的回答是:你是否持有這個看法。既然賓語從句的內容是你的看法,那么,還有必要再問一次賓語從句的內容嗎:You don't think that he is unfit for the office, is he?

章振邦教授是大家公認的我國一流的英語語言學家,也是我最敬重的語法專家之一。我們本著實事求是、百家爭鳴的原則,探討英語問題。如有不妥和冒犯之處,敬請批評指正。

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