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常見動詞時態(tài)考點歸納(高考適用)
時態(tài)是高考英語的一個十分重要的考點——每年必考，每省必考。綜觀近年來各省市的時態(tài)考題情況，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)最重要最常考的時態(tài)有兩種，它們是現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時；次�？嫉臅r態(tài)有四種，它們是一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時；次次�？嫉臅r態(tài)有五種，它們是一般將來時、過去將來時、將來完成時、完成進(jìn)行時等。為幫助同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)好時態(tài)，本文將結(jié)合去年高考試題對幾個重要的時態(tài)作一簡單歸納和分析。
現(xiàn)在完成時主要有兩種用法，即持續(xù)性用法(或叫未完成用法)和影響性用法(或叫已完成用法)。持續(xù)性用法表示動作發(fā)生于過去，但在過去并未完成，而是從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時多半會連用表示持續(xù)性的時間狀語；后者指的是動作發(fā)生于過去，且在過去已經(jīng)完成，但這個過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在有影響，而說話者正好要強(qiáng)調(diào)的就是這個影響，此時一般沒有明顯的時間狀語，主要通過上下文來理解。如：
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案選 B。由表示對照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證明了”，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案選B。因賓語從句中的時態(tài)是一般將來時，主句中的謂語動詞不可能是過去時態(tài)，排除選項A和C；由語境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除D，而選B。
另外，同學(xué)們還要特別注意以下這些習(xí)慣上要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的短語和句型：so far(到目前為止)，since(自從)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在過去…年中)，by now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，up to [until] now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far.
A. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】答案選 C。so far(到目前為止)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】答案選 B。since 1992這類時間狀語通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。主句主語是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句。
二、過去完成時考點
過去完成時是一種相對時態(tài)，即以某一過去時間作參照，過去完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在這一過去時間的更過去，所以我們可以簡單地用“過去的過去”這五個字來理解過去完成時態(tài)。如：
1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】答案選 D。因為上大學(xué)是過去，學(xué)了五千個英語單詞是在上大學(xué)之前，即“過去的過去”，所以用過去完成時。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
【分析】答案選 A。根據(jù)句意，“開始回房子”發(fā)生在過去，“太陽落山”是在“開始回房子”之前，故過去的過去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】答案選 D。根據(jù)“我沒見到他”可知，“在我到達(dá)”前“父親已經(jīng)去倫敦”了，即父親去倫敦發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
【分析】答案選 C。因為這個小盒子“被放在部長車下”發(fā)生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“過去的過去”，所以用過去完成時。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they _________ without me.”
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】答案選D。因為thought(原以為)用的是過去時，所以他們“走了”就是“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時。
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