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比較狀語從句中主語的單獨省略初探
作者:倪肖丁  文章來源:本站原創  點擊數  更新時間:2016-08-21  文章錄入:admin  責任編輯:admin

 

二、缺失的主語的確定和恢復

按照省略一般理論,如果省略是為了避免重復,那么比較從句中缺失的主語應該是已知信息,可在主句中找到其先行項(antecedent);如果省略不是為了避免重復而是為了簡潔,缺損的應是可知信息,前文中沒有先行項,但交流雙方心知肚明,不言而喻,例如:(I) don’t know。在這兩種情況下,確定并恢復被省略的主語應該容易。但實際操作起來并沒有那么簡單。大致可分為以下幾類情況。

1.可以直接采用主句中出現的先行項做從句的主語。

這類情況一般出現as…as can be結構中。添補主語后的從句結構完整,意思不變。例如,

句(01)的先行項是主句的賓語a cake,故可復原為:

  01aI want a cake as big as it can be!

句(03)的先行項為主句的主語they,故可復原為:

  03aThey seemed as happy as they can be when I last saw them.

同理,句(13)中,從句主語they可被省略:

13Both houses were as clean as (they) could be. (DCEU)

再看下面的例句:

14It promised to be a more difficult undertaking than might appear at first sight.CCED

此句并非as…as can be結構,但比較從句也是系動詞后無表語,這一點是共性,因此than后亦可添加主語it

2. 可以直接采用主句出現的名詞或代詞做主語,但結構要修改。

此類情況中,主句也含有從句被省略的主語的先行項,因此可以將其作為從句的主語,但從句須作必要的變動。例如:

句(04)可改寫為:

04aHillary works faster than she was expected to (do/ work)

句(05)可改寫為:

05aShe's not as upset with them as she might be expected to be.

之所以在句尾添補to不定式,是因為sb/sth be expected需要一個主語補足語。但在than/as后主語省略的情況下,補足語就成為多余。

按照CGEL意見,從句如為被動語態,操作詞(即助動詞、情態動詞和be動詞)可以略去,留下-ed分詞即可。因此,句(15)中的was可有可無:

15The stock has always performed as well or better than (was) expected. (HGE)

Edward D. Johnson The Handbook of Good English1991)一書中將句(15)的省略部分全部添補后改寫如下:

(15a) The stock has always performed as well as it was expected to perform or better than it was expected to perform.

當然,對省略句進行如此復雜的添補只是說明省略的來龍去脈,并非出于交際的目的。

3. 從句的主語雖然省略,但主句中不存在其先行項。

比較從句中的這類省略讀起來很自然,意思也明了。但主句中的名詞或代詞與從句中省略的主語并非同一人物或事物,亦即主句中不存在從句主語的先行項。要對缺失的主語進行添補可分為兩類稍有不同的情況:

3.1 than后是系表結構。

這類從句中,系動詞后通常是necessary, normal, usualacceptablepossible等少數修飾性的形容詞。

例如句(08Doctors often work for more time than is usual。主句中有兩個名詞doctorstime,than后填入doctors的代詞they顯然邏輯不通;填入time的代詞it似乎可以,但實際上也不可取。

從語義上講,it指代的是同一個,而句中的此time絕非彼time,如果兩個time是同一體,怎么會一個比另一個more?

又例如:

16Something that is cold has a very low temperature or a lower temperature than is normal or acceptable.(CCED)

主句中的low temperaturelower temperature 絕非從句中的normal temperature,這是顯而易見的。因此從句主語也不能用itthey。 

除了語義上邏輯不通以外,than it is normal/usual/acceptable/necessary等用法也頗覺生疏,似乎未曾見過,不像than is normal/usual/acceptable/necessary/possible, etc when/if (it is) possible/necessary那樣為人所熟知。本人對此僅表質疑,并非要下任何結論。

Practical English Usage (2005)提醒讀者:She spent more money than was sensible. (NOT ... than it was sensible.)

而從Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary (third edition)中摘錄的這個例句也許能給我們一些提示:

17If you describe someone or something as pint-sized, you think they are smaller than is normal or smaller than they should be. (CCED)

其中than is normal是沒有主語的,than they should be有主語,但沒有表語normal。

 

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