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英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用法歸納：過去完成時(shí)

1. 構(gòu)成

助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。

2. 基本用法

(1) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)(“已完成”)。句中常用by , before , until , when 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。如：

Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西)

I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了，自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。

By the end of the year no decision had been made. 到年底也沒有做出任何決定。

He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開。

(2)過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去（未完成）。如：

Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 他睡覺之前，工作了12小時(shí)。

The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開演五分鐘了。

We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain. 我們剛到學(xué)校天就下雨了。

(3) 某些動(dòng)詞如intend / think / plan / expect / hope等的過去完成時(shí)表示主語未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望或打算。如：

I had intended to come to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 我原打算昨晚來看你，但有人來訪，我拖不開身。

He had hoped to find a job soon.他本來希望很快找到工作。

I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來，但有事就沒有來。

(4)過去完成時(shí)用在hardly / scarcely…when…和no sooner…than 固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. 地上的霜一消散，人們就開始工作了。

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他剛一到, 她就開始抱怨起來。

(5) 過去完成時(shí)用于條件分句或wish / would rather等后面的that從句中，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如：

I would have met him, if I had come this morning. 今天早晨我來的話，就會(huì)見到他了。

I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我昨天見到你多好。

He would rather she had lent him more money than she did.他本希望她借給他的錢更多些。                                   

3. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間以前(即過去的過去)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。“過去的過去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間，即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過去時(shí)間而言，并在其過去。這種相對(duì)的“過去的過去”有時(shí)通過一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來，有時(shí)則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn)：

I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。

The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜，大家都睡覺了。

—Was Jack at the office? —杰克在辦公室嗎?

— No, he’d gone home. 不在，回家了。

一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但有時(shí)某個(gè)動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，但卻也可用一般過去時(shí)，如：

①當(dāng)幾個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作用and, then, but等連接, 且按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序表達(dá)時(shí)，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過去時(shí)。如：

She set out soon after dark and arrived home one hour later. 他天黑后不久動(dòng)身，一小時(shí)后到家。

On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去市場(chǎng)買了些香蕉，看了她的堂兄。

I bought a radio but lost it. 我買了一部收音機(jī)，但丟了。

②由after, before, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，由于這些連詞已經(jīng)清楚地表明了主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的先后順序，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過去時(shí)。如：

I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把這消息告訴了他們。

As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我剛把電話一放下，它又響了。

③在一定的語境中，表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)想法或打算的過去完成時(shí)也可用一般過去時(shí)表示：

He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我們一起來的，但他太忙了。

I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原認(rèn)為我能去，但我(現(xiàn)在)去不了。

【注】若沒有明確的語境，則宜用過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，否則可能有歧義，如說I hoped to pass the examination. 它只表明過去想通過考試，但并未說明通過與否。如說 I had hoped to pass the examination，則表示過去想通過考試，但實(shí)際上未通過。不過在過去式后接不定式的完成式也可明確表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，如 I hoped to have passed the examination。