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英語(yǔ)寫作中的七類一致性錯(cuò)誤
作者：劉 亞（湖南）
來(lái)源：《第二課堂（高中版）》，2005年第07期（pp39-41)
一、比較對(duì)象不一致
在英語(yǔ)的比較句型中，兩個(gè)待比較的對(duì)象應(yīng)具有可比性，這也就是語(yǔ)法上說(shuō)的比較對(duì)象的一致性問(wèn)題。有的同學(xué)在進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)，經(jīng)常忽略這個(gè)一致性問(wèn)題，從而寫出一些不合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的句子。如：
誤：The population of China is much larger than Japan.
正：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
析：the population of China 應(yīng)與 the population of China比較，而不能與 Japan 比較，即誤句主要錯(cuò)在比較對(duì)象不一致。注意，為避免重復(fù)，正句中的the population of China用that of China代替。
誤：The style of the new building is different from the old one.
正：The style of the new building is different from that of the old one.
正：The new building is different from the old one in style.
析：用different表示比較時(shí)，也要注意比較對(duì)象的一致性。就本題而言，新的 style 應(yīng)與舊的 style 比，或新的building與舊的 building 比，而不能將兩者混在一起。
二、主謂不一致
在英語(yǔ)中，句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須一致。由于受漢語(yǔ)的影響，許多同學(xué)在寫作時(shí)經(jīng)常忽略句子的主謂一致關(guān)系，從而造成錯(cuò)誤。如：
誤：Anyone can borrow the books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
正：Anyone can borrow the books and it costs nothing to borrow them.
析：第一個(gè)分句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故第二個(gè)分句中的動(dòng)詞cost不可能是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，且由于句子主語(yǔ)是it，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)costs，而不能用過(guò)去式cost。
誤：He as well as his parents have been to the Great Wall.
正：He as well as his parents has been to the Great Wall.
析：當(dāng)作主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞后有as well as, in addition to, including, with, along with, together with, but, except等引導(dǎo)的成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)仍由其前的主語(yǔ)決定。再如：My English teacher together with his family is from England.
誤：Not only John but also I are going to Shanghai next week.
正：Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.
析：在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…連接主語(yǔ)的句子中及在there be句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)按就近原則處理，即按與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞最靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Neither you nor she is a teacher.
三、單復(fù)數(shù)不一致
名詞有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，而可數(shù)名詞又有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)之區(qū)。在英語(yǔ)寫作中，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題也是許多同學(xué)經(jīng)常忽略的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。如：
誤：On the way home I took a lot of picture because since the scenery was so beautiful. I’ll have them developed this afternoon.
正：On the way home I took a lot of pictures because the scenery was so beautiful. I’ll have them developed this afternoon.
析： take picture中的picture為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)下文中的them可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式pictures。
誤：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good mark in all his subjects.
正：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good marks in all his subjects.
析：從后面的subjects來(lái)看，mark應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，說(shuō)的是在各科考試中都取得了好分?jǐn)?shù)。
四、非謂語(yǔ)形式不一致
動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式一直是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，而動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的一致性問(wèn)題更是許多同學(xué)經(jīng)常忽略的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。如：
誤：To know what is good and doing what is right are two different things.
正：To know what is good and to do what is right are two different things.
析：由and 連接的兩部分為并列主語(yǔ)，前一部分用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，后一部分也應(yīng)用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。
誤：Fishing is his favourite hobby, and to collect coins is also his hobby.
正：Fishing is his favourite hobby, and collecting coins is also his hobby.
析：誤句的問(wèn)題就在于句子不平行(不一致)，因?yàn)?/SPAN>and前后都為句子，按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣其結(jié)構(gòu)形式應(yīng)該一致。
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