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究竟該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還是一般過(guò)去時(shí)？
■本站特約作者 李 翔
有位網(wǎng)友在英語(yǔ)答疑(http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=1305)提出以下問題：輔導(dǎo)班的一道題：
①The windows are closed. Who ________ them？
A. close B. closed C. is closing D. has closed.
老師說(shuō)答案為D 。我覺得選B未嘗不可，因?yàn)椋耙痪湟呀?jīng)說(shuō)了窗戶現(xiàn)在是關(guān)著的。后一句只問過(guò)去誰(shuí)把窗戶打開即可，不需強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。
筆者也認(rèn)為此題應(yīng)選B，即用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。先請(qǐng)看Michael Swan在Practical English Usage (Third Edition 2005)P442上對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法的區(qū)別的解釋及例句：
We normally use the present perfect when we are thinking about past events together with their present results. However, we usually prefer a past tense when we identify the person, thing or circumstances responsible for a present situation (because we are thinking about the past cause, not the present result).
②That's a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (筆者注：該例句從Michael Swan著的《牛津英語(yǔ)用法指南》(第二版 翻譯本)(外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社2000年9月第1版 )P581一直保留至第3版，說(shuō)明Michael Swan堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為此處應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。)
從以上可以看出句①和句②非常相似。句②完全可以改為：
③That's a nice picture. Who painted it? 同理，句①也可以改為:
④ The windows are closed. Did you close them？
相信讀者對(duì)于句②和句④中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生疑問，因?yàn)檫@兩句的前部分都表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，即某一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果；而在后半部分，說(shuō)話人應(yīng)該關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而非動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，如果再提及結(jié)果就和前半部分重復(fù)。而句①和句③只不過(guò)是由一般疑問句改為了特殊疑問句，但時(shí)態(tài)是不應(yīng)該改變的。
再請(qǐng)看薄冰編著《英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)》(開明出版社 北京2000年1月第1版) P54上的論證:The burglar came in through this window. Here are his foot marks.
[說(shuō)明] 過(guò)去一般時(shí)只談過(guò)去，和現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。但這并不是絕對(duì)的。有時(shí)過(guò)去一般時(shí)對(duì)現(xiàn)在也有影響，如實(shí)例中的came。尤其是談到一些歷史事實(shí)時(shí)，即使對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，也多用過(guò)去一般時(shí)。再如：
He’s tired because he worked hard all day today.
I travelled all around, I can spot people.
最后請(qǐng)看以下例證：
1. Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins著Developing Grammar in Context 《劍橋英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》普及版 韓非等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社 2006年7月第1版)P50：
He is back with his family now. No one saw him for ten days.
My knee is much better now. I hurt my knee.
2. Ronald Carter 等著Exploring Grammar In Context 《劍橋英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》強(qiáng)化版 王海華等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社 2006年8月第1版)P10：
A：Isn’t she married to a Scandinavian os something?
B：Yes, she was married to a Swede, but she’s married to a New Zealander now.
3. 謝應(yīng)光撰寫的《英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成體表示的意義》(上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》1997年第2 期P66)，趙興撰寫的《再論完成時(shí)語(yǔ)義學(xué)》(上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》1998年第4 期P56)和袁曉寧、李霄翔撰寫的《現(xiàn)時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)與現(xiàn)在完成體》(大連外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué)》2004年第3期)都用下兩句說(shuō)明一般過(guò)去時(shí)也和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)聯(lián)。
—Why is Chris so cheerful these days?
—Well, he won a million in the lottery.
Unfortunately, he bought oil shares with all of his money. He lost every penny, so he is now as poor as before.
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