国产精品麻豆欧美日韩ww_欧美日高清视频_亚洲精品成人久久久_久久精品国产清自在天天线

打印本文 打印本文  關(guān)閉窗口 關(guān)閉窗口  
究竟該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還是一般過去時(shí)?
作者:李  翔  文章來源:本站原創(chuàng)  點(diǎn)擊數(shù)  更新時(shí)間:2014-05-26  文章錄入:李翔  責(zé)任編輯:admin

 

究竟該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還是一般過去時(shí)?

 

■本站特約作者   

   

有位網(wǎng)友在英語答疑(http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=1305)提出以下問題:輔導(dǎo)班的一道題:

The windows are closed. Who ________ them

A. close       B. closed       C. is closing          D. has closed.

老師說答案為D 。我覺得選B未嘗不可,因?yàn)椋耙痪湟呀?jīng)說了窗戶現(xiàn)在是關(guān)著的。后一句只問過去誰把窗戶打開即可,不需強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響。

筆者也認(rèn)為此題應(yīng)選B,即用一般過去時(shí)。先請看Michael SwanPractical English Usage (Third Edition 2005)P442上對現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)用法的區(qū)別的解釋及例句:

We normally use the present perfect when we are thinking about past events together with their present results. However, we usually prefer a past tense when we identify the person, thing or circumstances responsible for a present situation (because we are thinking about the past cause, not the present result).

 That's a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (筆者注:該例句從Michael Swan著的《牛津英語用法指南》(第二版 翻譯本)(外語教學(xué)與研究出版社20009月第1 )P581一直保留至第3版,說明Michael Swan堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為此處應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí),而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。)

從以上可以看出句和句非常相似。句完全可以改為:

That's a nice picture. Who painted it? 同理,句也可以改為:

The windows are closed. Did you close them

相信讀者對于句和句中使用一般過去時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生疑問,因?yàn)檫@兩句的前部分都表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),即某一過去的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果;而在后半部分,說話人應(yīng)該關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而非動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,如果再提及結(jié)果就和前半部分重復(fù)。而句和句只不過是由一般疑問句改為了特殊疑問句,但時(shí)態(tài)是不應(yīng)該改變的。

再請看薄冰編著《英語時(shí)態(tài)》(開明出版社 北京20001月第1) P54上的論證:The burglar came in through this window. Here are his foot marks.

[說明] 過去一般時(shí)只談過去,和現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。但這并不是絕對的。有時(shí)過去一般時(shí)對現(xiàn)在也有影響,如實(shí)例中的came。尤其是談到一些歷史事實(shí)時(shí),即使對現(xiàn)在仍有影響,也多用過去一般時(shí)。再如:

He’s tired because he worked hard all day today.

I travelled all around, I can spot people.

最后請看以下例證:

1. Mark Nettle and Diana HopkinsDeveloping Grammar in Context 《劍橋英語語法》普及版 韓非等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社  20067月第1)P50

He is back with his family now. No one saw him for ten days.

My knee is much better now. I hurt my knee.

2. Ronald Carter 等著Exploring Grammar In Context 《劍橋英語語法》強(qiáng)化版 王海華等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社  20068月第1)P10

AIsn’t she married to a Scandinavian os something?

BYes, she was married to a Swede, but she’s married to a New Zealander now.

3. 謝應(yīng)光撰寫的《英語動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成體表示的意義》(上海外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國語》1997年第2 P66),趙興撰寫的《再論完成時(shí)語義學(xué)》(上海外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國語》1998年第4 P56)和袁曉寧、李霄翔撰寫的《現(xiàn)時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)與現(xiàn)在完成體》(大連外國語學(xué)院《外語與外語教學(xué)》2004年第3)都用下兩句說明一般過去時(shí)也和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)聯(lián)。

—Why is Chris so cheerful these days?

—Well, he won a million in the lottery.

Unfortunately, he bought oil shares with all of his money. He lost every penny, so he is now as poor as before.

 

[1] [2]  下一頁

打印本文 打印本文  關(guān)閉窗口 關(guān)閉窗口