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《英語基礎(chǔ)詞匯慣用法詞典》連載
作者:TJG  文章來源:本站原創(chuàng)  點(diǎn)擊數(shù)  更新時(shí)間:2011-10-14  文章錄入:admin  責(zé)任編輯:admin

 

ability n.

1. 表示“能力”、“能夠”,多為不可數(shù)名詞;表示“才能”、“才干”,多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

He is a man of ability. 他是位有能力的人。

He is a man of many abilities. 他是位多才多藝的人。

2. 表示有能力做某事或具有做某事的能力等,其后通常要接不定式。如:

He has the ability to speak English fluently. 他能流利地說英語。

The ability to be clearly heard is extremely important for newsreaders. 聲音宏亮清晰對新聞廣播員來說極為重要。

但在現(xiàn)代英語中,也可后接 of doing sth(不如接不定式普遍,建議初學(xué)者謹(jǐn)用)。如:

I admire his ability of doing the work quickly. 我羨慕他工作做得快。

3. ability的反義詞是inability,不是disability——inability表示沒有能力或沒有才能,而disability則指因先天缺陷或受傷變殘而導(dǎo)致的無能。如:

Physical disability causes mental anguish. 生理傷殘會(huì)引起心理苦悶。

His inability to speak French puts him at a disadvantage. 他不會(huì)說法語,這使他很吃虧。

 

able adj.

1. 表示“有能力的”、“能干的”,可用作表語或定語。如:

He is an able manager. 他是位有能力的經(jīng)理。

He is old but still able. 他雖年老,但仍有很能干。

2. 用于 be able to do sth(能或會(huì)做做某事)。如:

He is able to speak English. 他會(huì)說英語。

Everyone here is able to type. 這兒的每一個(gè)人都會(huì)打字。

He will be able to get about in a week or two. 再過一兩個(gè)星期左右他就能走動(dòng)了。

He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations.

他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試及了格。

注:be able to 不僅有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式(通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)或與 be going to 連用),而且還可以與某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用(通常不與 can 連用),甚至還可以有非謂語形式。如:

Since his accident he hasn’t been able to leave the house. 自出事之后,他一直未能離開家。

You might be able to persuade him. 你也許能夠說服他。

I hope to be able to do the work. 我希望能干得了這項(xiàng)工作。

I regret not being able to help her. 我很遺憾未能幫助她。

3. able 的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)通常是 abler ablest,也可以是 more able most able,有時(shí)還可用 better ablebest able。如:

You are better able to do it than I (am). 你比我更有能力做這件事。

She’s the person best able to cope. 她是個(gè)最能妥善處理問題的人。

4. 若要加強(qiáng)語氣,其前除可very, quite, perfectly等修飾外,有時(shí)還可用well修飾。如:

He is quite [well] able to take care of himself. 他完全有能力照顧自己。

He’s a very able student; he’s just too lazy. 他是個(gè)很有能力的學(xué)生,只是太懶了。

若受just, only just修飾,則表示“只能”“僅能”。如:

I was just able to make out a dark figure in the distance. 我只能看見遠(yuǎn)處有個(gè)黑影。

5. able的反義詞是unable(不能的,不會(huì)的),不是disable,后者是動(dòng)詞,其意為“使殘廢”“使無能力”。比較:

They were unable to reach a decision. 他們沒法做出決定。

Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him. 因?yàn)樗麣垙U了,他的房子就成了他的牢籠。

 

about prep. & adv.

1. 表示“大約”,通常用于數(shù)字前。如:

It costs about $10. 這需10美元左右。

He arrived at about 10 o’clock. 他大約10點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)。

2. 在動(dòng)詞 know, hear, speak 等之后用不用介詞 about, 含義有差別。如:

I have heard about him, but I don’t know him. 我聽到過一些關(guān)于他的事,但不認(rèn)識(shí)他這個(gè)人。

I’ve heard of him, but I don’t know about him. 我聽說過他,但我不知道有關(guān)他的情況。

試比較:

He knows her. 他認(rèn)識(shí)她。

He knows of her. 他知道有她這樣一個(gè)人。

He knows about her. 他知道有關(guān)她的情況。

3. be about to (do),意為“即將”、“馬上”。注意該短語不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(如:soon, tomorrow, immediately )連用。如:

We are about to leave for Beijing. 我們正要?jiǎng)由砣ケ本?/SPAN>

不說:He is about to leave here tomorrow.

注意該短語可與并列連詞 when(這時(shí))連用。如:

I was (just) about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 我正要上床睡覺,這時(shí)電話鈴?fù)蝗豁懥似饋怼?/SPAN>

在美國英語中,be about to do sth 的否定式,可表示“不愿意做某事”。如:

I am not about to admit defeat. 我還不想認(rèn)輸。

4. abouton均可表示“關(guān)于”,但about主要指泛泛地或非正式地談?wù)撃呈拢湔務(wù)摰膬?nèi)容也較為普通;而on則指比較有系統(tǒng)地或理論性較強(qiáng)地論述某事,其論述的內(nèi)容較正式或較嚴(yán)肅。比較:

He wrote on mathematics. 他撰寫數(shù)學(xué)著作。

He wrote about the school. 他報(bào)道有關(guān)這所學(xué)校的情況。

It is a book on birds. 那是一本論及鳥類的書。(可能是一本學(xué)術(shù)著作)

It is a book about birds. 那是一本關(guān)于鳥的書。(可能是一本供小孩看的關(guān)于鳥類的故事書)

5. 注意不要按漢語意思,在一些及物動(dòng)詞后誤加介詞 about,而在一些不及物動(dòng)詞后該加 about 時(shí)卻漏加。如:

他沒什么不滿吧?

誤:He has nothing to complain, does he?

正:He has nothing to complain about, does he?

析:表示抱怨某事時(shí),complain 不及物,其后需接介詞 about of 再帶名詞或代詞作賓語。(本句中 about 的邏輯賓語是 nothing)

我們會(huì)盡快討論此事的。

誤:We'll discuss about it as soon as possible.

正:We'll discuss it as soon as possible.

析:discuss(討論)為及物動(dòng)詞,后接賓語時(shí),無需用介詞。類似地,英語說 consider sth, 而不說 consider about sth;可說 doubt sth, 而不說 doubt about sth;可說 explain sth,而不說 explain about sth;可說 report sth,而不說 report about sth;等等。

 

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