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重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義-系動(dòng)詞

一、概說(shuō)

連系動(dòng)詞是表示不完全謂語(yǔ)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞，它與其后的表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有be(是)，become(成為)，get(變成)，remain(還是)，seem(似乎是)，look(看上去)，feel(感覺(jué))等。連系動(dòng)詞后的表語(yǔ)通常是名詞和形容詞，有時(shí)也可以是代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等：

His English is excellent. 他的英語(yǔ)很棒。(跟形容詞)

He is a famous poet. 他是著名詩(shī)人。(跟名詞)

Money isn’t everything．金錢(qián)不是一切。(跟代詞)

She was the first to arrive．她是第一個(gè)到達(dá)的人。(跟數(shù)詞)

Who is upstairs? 誰(shuí)在樓上？(跟副詞)

He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介詞短語(yǔ))

He seems to be ill. 他似乎病了。(跟不定式)

Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。(跟動(dòng)名詞)

This is what you need. 這就是你需要的。(跟從句)

二、學(xué)習(xí)連系動(dòng)詞應(yīng)注意的兩點(diǎn)

1. 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞后接副詞作表語(yǔ)

連系動(dòng)詞后通常可接形容詞作表語(yǔ)，一般不接副詞：

誤：His English is very well. 他的英語(yǔ)很好。(可將well改為good)

誤：Be carefully. 小心點(diǎn)。(應(yīng)將carefully改為careful)

誤：The soup tastes nicely. 這湯味道不錯(cuò)。(應(yīng)將nicely改為nice)

但是，有時(shí)連系動(dòng)詞后也可接副詞作表語(yǔ)，不過(guò)這主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少數(shù)副詞小品詞以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少數(shù)表示地點(diǎn)或方位的副詞：

Mother wasn’t in last night. 母親昨晚不在家。

The meeting was over at five. 會(huì)議五點(diǎn)結(jié)束。

Come along. The taxi is outside. 來(lái)吧，出租車(chē)在外面。

Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母親在樓下等你。

2. 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞后接不定式

(1) 連系動(dòng)詞be后根據(jù)情況可自由地接不定式作表語(yǔ)：

My dream is to be a scientist. 我的夢(mèng)想是當(dāng)一名科學(xué)家。

All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。

My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我計(jì)劃從倫敦去巴黎。

I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去見(jiàn)凱先生的。

(2) seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come 等連系動(dòng)詞后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表語(yǔ)：

She always seems to be sad. 她常常顯得很憂傷。

My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意見(jiàn)證明是錯(cuò)的。

She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。

The weather turned out to be fine. 天氣結(jié)果很好。

Circumstances continue to be favorable. 情況仍然是有利的。

He has grown to like studying English. 他漸漸喜歡學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。

【注】若所接不定式為to be，通常可以省略。不過(guò)，若其后接的是表語(yǔ)形容詞，則to be通常不宜省略。另外，連系動(dòng)詞look后能否接to be似乎尚有爭(zhēng)論，不過(guò)，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中接to be的現(xiàn)象已較普遍。

(3) sound, smell, feel, taste, become等連系動(dòng)詞后通常不能接不定式：

誤：These oranges taste to be good. (應(yīng)去掉to be)

誤：The roses smell nice. (應(yīng)去掉to be)

(4) 有的連系動(dòng)詞后接的從句可用不定式來(lái)改寫(xiě)：

It seems that that she’s right. / She seems to be right. 她似乎是對(duì)的。

It appears that you have made a mistake. / You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄錯(cuò)了。

三、三組連系動(dòng)詞的用法特點(diǎn)及區(qū)別

1. appear，look & seem

三者均可表示“好像”、“似乎”，區(qū)別如下：

(1) look 指視覺(jué)印象，appear 指外表給人的印象，這兩者可能是真象也可能是假象，appear的不確定性更大一些，seem 側(cè)重指根據(jù)某種跡象作出的推斷，也不一定是事實(shí)。

(2) 三者均可后接不定式，但 look 之后一般只限于 to be(且較少見(jiàn))：

He seems [appears，looks] to be tired. 他好像很累了。

He seems [appears] to have traveled a lot. 他似乎去過(guò)不少地方。

但是不說(shuō)He looks to have traveled a lot.

(3) look, seem 之后可接介詞 like，但 appear 之后一般不能：

He looks [seems] like a fool. 他看起來(lái)像個(gè)大傻瓜。

(4) appear 和seem不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但look有時(shí)可這樣用(盡管較少見(jiàn))：

He looks [is looking] well. 他看上去氣色不錯(cuò)。

但是不說(shuō)He is seeming [appearing] well.

(5) 三者均可用于 it 開(kāi)頭的句子，且三者之后均可接以 as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的從句，另外 appear 和 seem 之后還可接 that 引導(dǎo)的從句：

It looks [seems, appears] as if he has lost interest in his job. 看來(lái)他對(duì)自己的工作已失去了興趣。

It seems [appears] that he is very tired.  他似乎很累了。

為避免重復(fù)，appear和seem后接的 that 從句有時(shí)可用so, not 代之：

"Is he reliable?" "It seems [appears] so (not)."“他可靠嗎?”“似乎是可靠的(不可靠)。”

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